01 Canada's CRPD Obligations
On March 11, 2010, Canada ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. This was not a symbolic gesture. Ratification creates binding obligations under international law — obligations Canada freely accepted.
The CRPD text is publicly available from the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). Canada's ratification status is recorded in the UN Treaty Body Database maintained by OHCHR. These are not opinions. They are the legal record.
Source: UN Treaty Body Database, OHCHR — "Status of Ratification: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." Canada's ratification date: 11 March 2010.
— CRPD, Article 10
— CRPD, Article 15
— CRPD, Article 19
— CRPD, Article 25
— CRPD, Article 28
— Optional Protocol, Article 1
Source: "Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities," adopted 13 December 2006, entered into force 3 May 2008. Full text available at OHCHR. Optional Protocol status also recorded in the UN Treaty Body Database, OHCHR.
02 UN Committee Findings
The CRPD Committee is the body of independent experts that monitors implementation of the Convention. Canada submitted its initial report. The Committee examined it and issued formal Concluding Observations — the document reference is CRPD/C/CAN/CO/1. These are not suggestions. They are the findings of the treaty body with jurisdiction over Canada's compliance.
03 Health Canada's Own Data
The government's own numbers tell the story. Health Canada publishes annual monitoring reports on Medical Assistance in Dying, available publicly on canada.ca. These reports document the growth of MAID, including the creation and expansion of "Track 2" — cases where the person's natural death is not reasonably foreseeable.
The reports document the reasons people give for requesting MAID. Among Track 2 recipients, the documented reasons include — in Health Canada's own published categories — loss of ability to engage in meaningful activities, isolation or loneliness, perceived burden on family or caregivers, and inadequacy of support services.
Health Canada's reports document the nature of suffering cited by Track 2 recipients. The following are categories identified in the reports themselves:
- Loss of ability to engage in meaningful activities — documented in Health Canada's MAID Annual Reports as a reported source of suffering among Track 2 recipients.
- Isolation or loneliness — documented in Health Canada's MAID Annual Reports as a reported source of suffering among Track 2 recipients.
- Perceived burden on family, friends, or caregivers — documented in Health Canada's MAID Annual Reports as a reported source of suffering.
- Inadequacy of support services or access to services — documented in Health Canada's MAID Annual Reports. This category directly raises the question of whether the government is offering death where it has failed to provide adequate support.
Source: Health Canada, "Annual Reports on Medical Assistance in Dying in Canada." Published annually on canada.ca. The 4th Annual Report covers 2022 data. The 5th Annual Report covers 2023 data. Track 2 data has been reported separately since the legislative change came into effect in 2021.
04 The Disability Benefit Gap
While expanding access to medically-assisted death for persons with disabilities, the government has been far less urgent in providing the resources that would allow those same persons to live. The numbers are a matter of public record.
The Canada Disability Benefit (Bill C-22) received Royal Assent on June 22, 2023. The legislation established the framework for a new federal income supplement for working-age persons with disabilities. The regulations determining the actual benefit amount were not finalized until 2024.
Source: Parliament of Canada, LEGISinfo — "Bill C-22: An Act to reduce poverty and to support the financial security of persons with disabilities by establishing the Canada disability benefit."
The Parliamentary Budget Officer (PBO) analyzed the cost and adequacy of the proposed benefit. The PBO's costing analyses are publicly available on the PBO website (pbo-dpb.gc.ca).
Source: Office of the Parliamentary Budget Officer, cost estimates and analyses related to Bill C-22 and the Canada Disability Benefit. Published on pbo-dpb.gc.ca.
Provincial disability support rates vary across jurisdictions but are uniformly low. The following rates are published by provincial social services ministries and are matters of public record:
| Province | Monthly Basic Rate | Below Poverty Line? | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ontario (ODSP) | ~$1,308/month | Yes — substantially below | Ontario Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services, published ODSP rates |
| British Columbia (PWD) | ~$1,358.50/month | Yes — substantially below | BC Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction, published PWD rates |
| Alberta (AISH) | ~$1,787/month | Yes — below in most urban centres | Alberta Ministry of Seniors, Community and Social Services, published AISH rates |
| Quebec | ~$1,182/month | Yes — substantially below | Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale, published rates |
| Manitoba | ~$1,100/month | Yes — substantially below | Manitoba Families, published EIA-Disability rates |
Note: Rates shown are approximate and represent the most recent publicly available figures from each provincial ministry. Rates include shelter and basic needs components where published together. All are below the poverty line as measured by Statistics Canada's Market Basket Measure (MBM) or the Canada Official Poverty Line.
Source for poverty thresholds: Statistics Canada, "Market Basket Measure (MBM)" and "Canadian Income Survey" — publicly available poverty line data on statcan.gc.ca.
05 Charter Section 15 — Equality Rights
Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees equality before and under the law and equal protection and benefit of the law without discrimination based on — among other grounds — mental or physical disability. This is not obscure law. It is the constitutional foundation of disability rights in Canada.
Two landmark court decisions shaped the current legal landscape for medical assistance in dying. Both are publicly available through the Supreme Court of Canada and the Superior Court of Quebec.
— Carter v. Canada (AG), [2015] 1 SCR 331, at para 126
The question that Section 15 raises is direct: when the state provides death more readily than it provides adequate disability support, housing, or community services, is the state discriminating against persons with disabilities?
-
Carter (2015) contemplated a carefully safeguarded system for persons
with grievous and irremediable conditions. The Supreme Court emphasized safeguards.
Source: Carter v. Canada (AG), [2015] 1 SCR 331. -
Truchon (2019) removed the "reasonably foreseeable death" criterion in
a single lower court decision that was not appealed.
Source: Truchon v. AG Canada, 2019 QCCS 3792. -
Bill C-7 (2021) used Truchon as justification to create Track 2 — going
further than what Carter envisioned and ignoring the UN's formal concerns.
Source: Parliament of Canada, LEGISinfo — Bill C-7. -
Section 15 of the Charter prohibits discrimination on the basis of
disability. Whether the current regime constitutes systemic discrimination is a
question the government refuses to answer.
Source: Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982.
06 Parliamentary Testimony They Ignored
The government heard the warnings. They are preserved in Hansard — the official record of Parliamentary proceedings — available publicly on parl.ca. Disability organizations, human rights bodies, and expert witnesses testified before the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights (JUST Committee). Their testimony is a matter of public record. The government proceeded regardless.
What was enacted: Expansion now, support later — if ever.
07 International Comparison
Canada is not operating in a vacuum. Other nations have grappled with the same questions and arrived at different conclusions. The comparison is instructive — and damning.
| Country | Assisted Dying Regime | Non-Terminal Access | Disability Safeguards |
|---|---|---|---|
| Canada | MAID (Track 1 & Track 2) | Yes — Track 2 since 2021 | Limited; no mandatory disability support assessment prior to MAID approval |
| Netherlands | Euthanasia & Assisted Suicide | Permitted under strict criteria | Extensive safeguard framework; independent review committees; mandatory second opinions; post-mortem review of every case by Regional Euthanasia Review Committees |
| Belgium | Euthanasia | Permitted under strict criteria | Mandatory consultation of specialists; extended reflection period for non-terminal cases; Federal Control and Evaluation Commission reviews all cases |
| United Kingdom | Debating legislation (as of 2024) | Not yet enacted | Disability rights concerns prominent in Parliamentary debate; CRPD obligations cited as a factor in legislative caution |
| Germany | Constitutional Court ruled right to assisted death (2020) | Regulatory framework under development | CRPD obligations explicitly considered in framework discussions; emphasis on ensuring free and informed decision-making |
| France | Legislation under consideration (2024) | Proposed with restrictions | CRPD and disability rights concerns actively raised in legislative process; deliberative approach |
Source: Comparative analysis based on publicly available legislative records from each country's parliament, the CRPD Committee's concluding observations for relevant States Parties, and OECD comparative publications on health systems and social policy.
CRPD Committee Recommendations to Other Nations
The CRPD Committee has consistently recommended that States Parties ensure their assisted dying frameworks do not result in discriminatory outcomes for persons with disabilities. The Committee's concluding observations for multiple countries reference the obligation under Article 10 (right to life) in the context of end-of-life legislation.
Source: CRPD Committee, Concluding Observations for Belgium, Netherlands, and other States Parties. Available through the OHCHR Treaty Body Database.
Disability Support Spending — International Context
| Country | Public Spending on Disability (% of GDP) | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Denmark | ~4.1% | Comprehensive community support and independent living services |
| Sweden | ~3.5% | Strong personal assistance programs; no assisted dying law |
| Netherlands | ~3.2% | Assisted dying permitted, but with extensive supports alongside |
| United Kingdom | ~2.4% | No assisted dying law (as of 2024); disability benefits under reform |
| Canada | ~1.2% | Among the lowest in the OECD; MAID expanded while supports lag |
| OECD Average | ~2.1% | Canada falls well below the average of comparable nations |
Source: OECD Social Expenditure Database (SOCX) — "Public spending on incapacity" category, which includes disability-related spending. Available at oecd.org. Figures are approximate and based on the most recent reporting year available (2019–2021 data, as OECD reporting lags). Canada's figure includes federal and provincial spending.
08 Source Attribution
Every claim on this page is drawn from publicly available documents. The sources are organized below by category. Read them yourself. Verify every claim. That is the standard we hold ourselves to, and it is the standard a free press demands.
Adopted 13 December 2006, entered into force 3 May 2008. Full text available at OHCHR (ohchr.org). Articles 10, 15, 19, 25, and 28 are directly relevant.
Canada ratified 11 March 2010. Establishes individual complaints mechanism. Status recorded in UN Treaty Body Database, OHCHR.
Document reference: CRPD/C/CAN/CO/1. Issued following review of Canada's initial report. Available through the OHCHR Treaty Body Database.
Concerns regarding Bill C-7 and its compatibility with the CRPD. Publicly archived in OHCHR Communications Reports and Press Releases. Available at ohchr.org.
Public statements on assisted dying and disability rights. Available through OHCHR Press Releases and the Special Rapporteur's country visit reports and thematic reports.
Committee recommendations to Belgium, Netherlands, and other nations regarding assisted dying and Article 10 obligations. Available through the OHCHR Treaty Body Database.
Covers data from 2016–2018. Published on canada.ca by Health Canada.
Covers 2019 data. Published on canada.ca by Health Canada.
Covers 2020 data. Published on canada.ca by Health Canada.
Covers 2021–2022 data, including first full year of Track 2 reporting. Published on canada.ca by Health Canada. Contains data on Track 2 provisions and documented sources of suffering.
Covers 2023 data. Published on canada.ca by Health Canada. Most recent available at time of publication.
Proceedings on Bill C-7 (An Act to amend the Criminal Code — medical assistance in dying). Witness testimony from CCD, Inclusion Canada, ARCH Disability Law Centre, DAWN Canada, and other disability rights organizations. Available on parl.ca.
Proceedings examining the statutory review of MAID provisions. Witness testimony and committee reports available on parl.ca.
Parliament of Canada, LEGISinfo — "Bill C-7: An Act to amend the Criminal Code (medical assistance in dying)." Royal Assent: 17 March 2021. Full legislative history available on parl.ca.
Parliament of Canada, LEGISinfo — "Bill C-22: An Act to reduce poverty and to support the financial security of persons with disabilities by establishing the Canada disability benefit." Royal Assent: 22 June 2023. Full legislative history available on parl.ca.
Supreme Court of Canada. Unanimous decision striking down the absolute prohibition on physician-assisted dying under Section 7 of the Charter. Emphasized the need for safeguards. Available through the Supreme Court of Canada Reports (scc-csc.gc.ca).
Superior Court of Quebec. Struck down the "reasonably foreseeable natural death" criterion. Not appealed by either federal or Quebec governments. Available through the Quebec Court system (jugements.qc.ca).
PBO analysis of the fiscal cost and distributional impact of the Canada Disability Benefit. Published on pbo-dpb.gc.ca.
Comparative analyses of federal disability spending, including income support programs. Published on pbo-dpb.gc.ca.
Ontario Ministry of Children, Community and Social Services. Ontario Disability Support Program (ODSP) rate schedules. Published on ontario.ca.
BC Ministry of Social Development and Poverty Reduction. Persons with Disabilities (PWD) assistance rates. Published on gov.bc.ca.
Alberta Ministry of Seniors, Community and Social Services. Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped (AISH) benefit rates. Published on alberta.ca.
Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale. Disability solidarity allowance rates. Published on quebec.ca.
Manitoba Families. Employment and Income Assistance (EIA) rates for persons with disabilities. Published on gov.mb.ca.
Public spending on incapacity/disability as a percentage of GDP. Available at oecd.org/social/expenditure.htm. Data covers OECD member countries.
Canada's Official Poverty Line thresholds. Published on statcan.gc.ca. Used to assess whether provincial disability rates fall below the poverty line.
Death counts and demographic data used to calculate MAID as a percentage of total deaths. Published on statcan.gc.ca.
The Victims With Names
The Law They Are Breaking
Rome Statute — Crimes Against Humanity (Art. 7)
Canada ratified July 7, 2000 — first country to implement. A widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population. 76,475 deaths directed by legislation. That is systematic. That is directed. Those are civilians.
Nuremberg Code — Principle 1
Voluntary consent without coercion, force, fraud, deceit, duress, or other constraint. When a disabled person requests MAID because the state refuses housing, support, or adequate care — the “consent” is manufactured by government failure. That is not autonomy. That is engineered despair.
Canada Abolished the Death Penalty — Then Brought It Back
1976: Parliament voted 130–124 to abolish execution for convicted murderers. Last execution: December 11, 1962. Canada decided it was immoral to execute a convicted killer. Then in 2016, it legalised the execution of the disabled, the elderly, the depressed, and the veteran — and called it compassion.