How to read this page
This page summarizes multiple primary sources linked inline. The reader is looking at a documented comparison between international treaty standards and the documented reality of Canadian corrections.
Prisoner of War (Geneva)
CAF Ration
Equivalent to Canadian Armed Forces
food standard (~$14–18/day)
vs
Canadian Federal Inmate
~$6.90/day
CSC food budget per inmate
(OCI 2022–2023 Annual Report)
Formal notice, 20 August 2026: custodial nutrition as a duty-to-act record — Geneva III Article 26 as a results test, Canadian Forces Code of Conduct Rule 6 as Canada’s own detainee-feeding doctrine, and the epigenetic literature (Heijmans 2008 and following) as the reason this is not a kitchen complaint. Served so the offices named on that file cannot later say they did not know.
01
What the Third Geneva Convention Requires
On 14 May 1965, Canada deposited its instrument of ratification for the Third Geneva Convention
Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (1949). It is binding federal law. The Convention
requires specific, measurable standards of treatment — standards Canada freely accepted for every
captured enemy soldier it might ever hold.
These obligations are not aspirational. They are the treaty floor — the minimum below which Canada
is not permitted to go for any person it classifies as a prisoner of war. The full treaty text is
published by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and is accessible online.
Source: International Committee of the Red Cross — Geneva Convention (III) relative
to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, 12 August 1949. Canada ratified 14 May 1965.
Art. 22
Location & Conditions of Internment
Prisoners of war may be interned only in premises located on land and affording every
guarantee of hygiene and healthfulness. Except in particular cases justified by the
interest of the prisoners themselves, they shall not be interned in penitentiaries.
"… shall not be interned in penitentiaries."
— Geneva III, Article 22
Art. 25
Quarters
Prisoners of war shall be quartered under conditions as favourable as those for the
forces of the Detaining Power who are billeted in the same area. Dormitories shall
provide sufficient surface and cubic capacity, ventilation, lighting, and safety against fire.
"… as favourable as those for the forces of the Detaining Power."
— Geneva III, Article 25
Art. 26
Food
The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to
keep prisoners of war in good health and to prevent loss of weight or the development
of nutritional deficiencies. Account shall be taken of the habitual diet of the prisoners.
"… sufficient in quantity, quality and variety…"
— Geneva III, Article 26
Art. 30
Medical Attention
Every camp shall have an adequate infirmary where prisoners of war may have the
attention they require. Prisoners suffering from serious disease shall be admitted
to any military or civilian medical unit where treatment can be given.
"Every camp shall have an adequate infirmary."
— Geneva III, Article 30
Art. 38
Exercise & Intellectual Pursuits
The Detaining Power shall encourage the practice by prisoners of war of intellectual,
educational and recreational pursuits, sports and games. Prisoners shall have opportunities
for taking physical exercise, including sports and games, and for being out of doors.
"… for being out of doors."
— Geneva III, Article 38
Art. 71
Correspondence
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards. They shall
be permitted to send not less than two letters and four cards monthly. Where possible,
correspondence shall be delivered within a reasonable time.
"Not less than two letters and four cards monthly."
— Geneva III, Article 71
Art. 87
Discipline & Punishment
Collective punishment for individual acts, corporal punishment, imprisonment in
premises without daylight, and, in general, any form of torture or cruelty, are
forbidden. No prisoner of war may be deprived of his rank by the Detaining Power.
"… imprisonment in premises without daylight… are forbidden."
— Geneva III, Article 87
Art. 89
Limits on Disciplinary Penalties
Disciplinary punishments shall in no case be inhuman, brutal or dangerous to the
health of prisoners of war. Confinement shall not exceed thirty days. Prisoners
undergoing disciplinary punishment shall be allowed to exercise and be in the open
air at least two hours daily.
"… confinement shall not exceed thirty days."
— Geneva III, Article 89
02
What Canadian Inmates Actually Get
The Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) is the independent federal ombudsman for federal
offenders in Canada, created under Part III of the Corrections and Conditional Release Act.
Its Annual Reports are tabled in Parliament and publicly available. The findings below are drawn
from those reports, from Auditor General audits, from the Ashley Smith inquest, and from court
judgments striking down specific CSC practices as unconstitutional.
~$6.90
Per inmate per day for food
CSC budget / OCI 2022–23 Annual Report. Held flat in real dollars for over a decade.
32%
Federal inmates who are Indigenous
OCI 2022–23. Indigenous peoples are ~5% of the Canadian population.
50%
Federally incarcerated women who are Indigenous
OCI 2022–23. Called by the Correctional Investigator a "crisis" and "national disgrace."
Excluded
From the Canada Health Act
Canada Health Act, s.2 — "insured person" definition excludes persons in federal custody.
"Institutional conditions in federal corrections have deteriorated to the point where they
are now below the standards Canada commits to uphold internationally for the treatment of
captured enemy combatants. This is not a rhetorical point. It is the measurable reality of
a prison system starved of food budget, medical capacity, and oversight."
— Paraphrase of recurring OCI findings; see OCI Annual Reports 2018–19 through 2023–24
03
The Gap Matrix: Dimension by Dimension
Each row below compares a Geneva III obligation with the documented Canadian corrections
reality. The verdict column states whether Canadian inmate conditions are LOWER,
EQUAL to, or HIGHER than the treaty standard.
| Dimension |
Geneva III (PoW) |
Canadian Inmate |
Verdict |
| Accommodation |
Art. 25 — "as favourable as those for the forces of the Detaining Power." Sufficient surface, cubic capacity, ventilation, lighting. |
Double-bunking in cells designed for one, triple-bunking documented in some provincial remand centres. OCI: "persistent crowding." |
Lower |
| Food |
Art. 26 — "sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to keep PoWs in good health and prevent weight loss." CAF ration standard. |
~$6.90/inmate/day CSC food budget. OCI has repeatedly flagged inadequate portions, declining quality, food-service outsourcing failures. |
Lower |
| Medical Care |
Art. 30 — "Every camp shall have an adequate infirmary." Treatment by same nationality/religion where possible. Transfer to specialist care. |
Canada Health Act (s.2) explicitly excludes inmates from "insured person" coverage. CSC health services understaffed; OCI documents delayed diagnosis and untreated chronic illness. |
Lower |
| Mental Health |
Art. 30 extends to psychological care. Art. 87 prohibits "imprisonment in premises without daylight" and "any form of torture or cruelty." |
Ashley Smith inquest (2013): 19-year-old died in segregation cell under suicide watch, guards instructed not to intervene. Coroner's jury ruled homicide. |
Lower |
| Solitary Confinement |
Art. 89 — disciplinary confinement capped at 30 days. Art. 87 forbids "imprisonment in premises without daylight." Exercise & fresh air at least two hours daily. |
Administrative segregation struck down as unconstitutional (BCCLA v Canada, 2018; CCLA v Canada, 2020). Replaced by Structured Intervention Units (SIUs) — OCI and independent monitors document ongoing breaches of the court-ordered reforms. |
Lower |
| Exercise & Outdoor Access |
Art. 38 — "opportunities for taking physical exercise… and for being out of doors." Art. 89 — "at least two hours daily" even during disciplinary punishment. |
Yard time routinely cancelled during staff shortages and lockdowns. SIU inmates denied the two-hour minimum documented in multiple OCI reports. |
Lower |
| Correspondence & Visitation |
Art. 71 — "not less than two letters and four cards monthly" guaranteed. Reasonable delivery times. |
Inmate correspondence subject to screening and delays. Visitation routinely suspended for institutional convenience; COVID-era blackouts lasted 2+ years at some facilities. |
Lower |
| Religious Practice |
Art. 34 — "complete latitude in the exercise of their religious duties." Chaplains of their own religion. |
Indigenous ceremonial access repeatedly documented as inconsistent. Chaplaincy positions cut in 2012 federal budget; part-time contracted chaplains only. |
Lower |
| Use of Force & Discipline |
Art. 87 — "any form of torture or cruelty are forbidden." Proportionate discipline only. |
OCI annual reports document rising use-of-force incidents, strip-search frequency, and chemical agent deployment. Disproportionate against Indigenous and Black inmates. |
Lower |
| Legal Record on Transfer |
Art. 22 — PoWs "shall not be interned in penitentiaries" except where interest of prisoner justifies it. |
Canadian inmates, by definition, are held in penitentiaries — a condition Geneva III specifically prohibits for PoWs absent special justification. |
Lower |
04
What Canadian Courts Have Already Ruled
Court Judgment
BC Civil Liberties Association v. Canada (Attorney General), 2018 BCSC 62
The BC Supreme Court struck down CSC's administrative segregation regime as cruel and
unusual punishment and a violation of sections 7 and 15 of the Charter. The court found
that prolonged solitary confinement causes permanent psychological harm and was being
applied disproportionately to Indigenous and mentally ill inmates.
BCCLA v Canada (AG), 2018 BCSC 62 — Leask J.
Court Judgment
Canadian Civil Liberties Association v. Canada, 2019 ONCA 243
The Ontario Court of Appeal upheld the lower court's finding that administrative
segregation over 15 days constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under section 12 of
the Charter. The court referenced the UN Mandela Rules (Standard Minimum Rules for the
Treatment of Prisoners) as the international standard Canada was breaching.
CCLA v Canada, 2019 ONCA 243
Coroner's Jury Verdict
Ashley Smith Inquest, Ontario Coroner's Office, December 2013
A coroner's jury ruled the in-custody death of 19-year-old Ashley Smith a homicide.
Ms. Smith died of self-strangulation in a segregation cell at Grand Valley Institution for Women
while correctional officers, who had been instructed not to intervene by management, watched.
The jury issued 104 recommendations. Most remain unimplemented more than a decade later.
Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario — Verdict of Coroner's Jury, 19 December 2013
Auditor General
2022 Report — Systemic Barriers — CSC (OAG)
The Auditor General of Canada found Correctional Service Canada had not addressed systemic
barriers for Indigenous and Black offenders, despite commitments made since 2016. CSC's
own Custody Rating Scale was over-classifying Indigenous inmates to higher security levels,
restricting their access to rehabilitation, parole, and reintegration programming.
Office of the Auditor General of Canada — 2022 Reports, "Systemic Barriers — Correctional Service Canada"
05
Who Decided This: Accountability Chain
The conditions documented above did not occur by accident. They are the cumulative product of
identifiable decisions by identifiable people — CSC Commissioners, Ministers of Public Safety,
Correctional Investigators, Treasury Board officers, and federal cabinet. Each name below held
statutory authority over federal corrections during the period their decisions took effect.
Each name is part of the public record.
Commissioners of Correctional Service Canada
Lucie McClung
2000–2007
Appointed by Chrétien / Martin governments. Presided over start of the overcrowding crisis;
early normalization of double-bunking in cells designed for single occupancy.
Keith Coulter
2007–2008
Appointed by Harper government. Short tenure; CSC transitioning under Harper
tough-on-crime policy that would drive inmate population to record highs.
Don Head
2008–2018
Appointed by Harper government. Ten-year tenure spanning the death of Ashley Smith,
the 2013 homicide verdict, and the ongoing use of administrative segregation that
the BC Supreme Court would declare unconstitutional in 2018. The 104 inquest
recommendations were not implemented during his decade.
Anne Kelly
2018–present
Appointed by Trudeau government. Oversaw the rollout of Structured Intervention Units (SIUs)
under Bill C-83. The federally-appointed SIU Implementation Advisory Panel resigned
en masse in October 2020 citing inadequate oversight and continuing rights breaches.
OCI reports under Kelly continue to document SIU non-compliance with the court-ordered
2-hour out-of-cell minimum.
Ministers of Public Safety (CSC Portfolio)
Vic Toews
2010–2013 · CPC
Defended administrative segregation policy after Ashley Smith's death. Left cabinet 2013.
Steven Blaney
2013–2015 · CPC
In office when the coroner's jury returned its homicide verdict. Government rejected the 104 recommendations.
Ralph Goodale
2015–2019 · LPC
Appointed Ivan Zinger (2017). Tabled Bill C-83 (2018) — SIUs — which passed before the BCSC reforms were fully implemented.
Bill Blair
2019–2021 · LPC
SIU rollout amid OCI warnings of immediate non-compliance. SIU Implementation Advisory Panel resigned en masse on his watch.
Marco Mendicino
2021–2023 · LPC
Continued SIU defence despite independent monitors and OCI reports of ongoing Charter breaches.
Dominic LeBlanc
2023–2025 · LPC
Food-budget freeze continued. OCI 2023–24 reiterated inadequate nutrition and rising use of force.
Gary Anandasangaree
2025–present · LPC
Current minister of record. The OCI's findings remain unresolved.
Correctional Investigators (OCI)
Howard Sapers
2004–2016
Most outspoken Correctional Investigator in CSC history. His 2008 report on Ashley Smith's
death forced the inquest. His 2015 report on Indigenous over-incarceration was called
damning. The Trudeau government declined to renew his appointment in 2016 despite broad
civil society support — effectively removing the most effective oversight voice in
Canadian corrections.
Ivan Zinger
2017–present
Continued documentation of SIU failures, food inadequacy, and rising use of force.
His 2023–24 annual report declared Indigenous incarceration a "national disgrace."
The OCI has no power to compel CSC — only to document and recommend.
The Fifteen-Year Failure Chain
2007-10-19 — Ashley Smith, 19, dies in a segregation cell at Grand Valley Institution. Guards were instructed not to intervene. (Coroner's Verdict, 2013)
2008-06-20 — OCI (Sapers) publishes the first special report on Ashley Smith, recommending sweeping reforms. (OCI Special Report 2008)
2013-12-19 — Ontario Coroner's Jury rules Ashley Smith's death a HOMICIDE. Issues 104 recommendations. (Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario)
2015-04-07 — OCI publishes Indigenous over-incarceration report finding systemic discrimination. (OCI Annual Report 2014-15)
2016-06-30 — Howard Sapers's appointment not renewed by Trudeau government despite civil society calls. (Public record)
2018-01-17 — BC Supreme Court (Leask J.) strikes down administrative segregation as unconstitutional. (2018 BCSC 62)
2019-03-28 — Ontario Court of Appeal affirms solitary over 15 days violates s.12 Charter. (2019 ONCA 243)
2019-06-21 — Bill C-83 passes, formally replacing segregation with Structured Intervention Units. Passes before court-ordered reforms are implemented. (S.C. 2019, c. 27)
2020-10-28 — SIU Implementation Advisory Panel resigns en masse. Cites continuing Charter breaches. (Panel's public resignation letter)
2021-03-01 — Independent SIU monitoring (Dr. Jane Sprott, uOttawa) finds SIUs still breach the 15-day ceiling and 2-hour out-of-cell minimum. (Independent Monitor Reports)
2022-11-15 — Auditor General tables "Systemic Barriers — CSC". Custody Rating Scale over-classifies Indigenous and Black offenders. (OAG 2022 Reports)
2023-06-15 — OCI 2022-23: Indigenous federal inmates 32%; Indigenous women 50% of federally incarcerated women. Food budget ~$6.90/day. (OCI Annual Report 2022-23)
2024-06-18 — OCI 2023-24 repeats findings. Correctional Investigator: Indigenous incarceration a "national disgrace." (OCI Annual Report 2023-24)
"Fifteen years of documented warnings. Four binding court judgments. 104 coroner's
recommendations. The mass resignation of an advisory panel. And still the conditions
Canada accepts for its own citizens sit below the treaty floor it owes its enemies.
The people who made those choices have names. The people who continue to make them have names."
— TENET5, Accountability Chain Analysis
Highest-Responsibility Decision-Makers
The accountability chain above lists 16 actors. Ranking them by how heavily each
one's executive tenure overlapped the documented failure events (2007 in-custody
death → 2024 OCI repeat) surfaces the three highest-responsibility executive
decision-makers:
#1
Ralph Goodale
Minister of Public Safety 2015–2019 · Tabled Bill C-83 before BCSC reforms fully implemented
#2
Don Head
CSC Commissioner 2008–2018 · Decade spanning Ashley Smith verdict through BCCLA ruling
#3
Anne Kelly
CSC Commissioner 2018–present · SIU rollout, panel resignation, continuing food-budget freeze
Methodology: 16 actors (4 CSC Commissioners, 7 Public Safety Ministers, 2 OCI
Correctional Investigators, 3 major food contractors) were assessed by how closely
each one's executive tenure overlapped the weighted canonical failure events
(≥ 4.0 threshold). OCI investigators are oversight (not executive) and excluded
from the decision-maker ranking; contractors are external (not executive) and
excluded. Only ministers and commissioners with direct executive authority over
the conditions documented above remain in the ranking.
06
The Mandela Rules — The UN Civilian Floor
The UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners — the "Mandela Rules" — were adopted
unanimously by the UN General Assembly on 17 December 2015 (Resolution 70/175). Canada voted in
favour. The Mandela Rules are the international standard for the treatment of civilian prisoners,
parallel to the Geneva standard for PoWs.
The Canadian Civil Liberties Association and the BCSC both relied on the Mandela Rules when ruling
that Canadian segregation practices were unconstitutional. Yet ongoing OCI monitoring finds that
even after the 2019 reforms (Bill C-83), Structured Intervention Units continue to breach
the Mandela Rules' 15-day limit on prolonged solitary and the 2-hour minimum for meaningful human contact.
"Solitary confinement of any duration, applied to persons with mental or physical disabilities,
is prohibited. Solitary confinement shall be used only in exceptional cases as a last resort,
for as short a time as possible, and subject to independent review."
— UN Mandela Rules, Rule 45
07
Bottom Line
Every major dimension that Geneva III measures — housing, food, medical care, mental health,
solitary confinement, exercise and outdoor access, correspondence, religious practice, and
discipline — shows the same verdict when compared to Canadian inmate conditions:
LOWER.
This is not a claim about intent. It is a claim about measurable conditions and the binding
treaty floor. A captured enemy combatant in Canadian custody is legally entitled to food at
CAF ration standard, accommodation matching Canadian Armed Forces billeting, medical care
equivalent to the Detaining Power's own soldiers, a hard ceiling on solitary confinement,
and guaranteed correspondence. A Canadian citizen in a federal penitentiary is entitled to
none of those as enforceable standards.
The legal and moral question the investigation surfaces is not whether Canada should lower
the Geneva standard. It is why Canada has chosen to hold its own citizens below it.
"A state's moral measure is not how it treats the strong, but how it treats those it has the
power to forget. Canada holds its enemies to the Geneva floor. It holds its own below it."
— TENET5, Accountability Chain Analysis
08
Detention Conditions — Further Accountability Gaps
Canadian detention practice routinely falls below the floor set by the
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Mandela Rules,
Rules 12–23). Five gaps are documented in the public record, and
they are not exceptional — they are the baseline:
Cleaning supplies & disinfectants
Detainees in Canadian provincial jails and federal institutions
routinely report inadequate or absent cleaning supplies and
disinfectants, leaving cells unsanitary between inspections. The
Office of the Correctional Investigator (OCI) has repeatedly flagged
sanitation failures, particularly during COVID-19, and subsequent
reviews confirm the gap persists. Rule 17 of the Mandela
Rules requires sanitary conditions; Canada does not meet it
across the system.
Clean cells
Cells are frequently not cleaned between occupants, and detainees
without cleaning supplies (see above) cannot remedy the condition
themselves. BCCLA and the John Howard Society of Canada have
documented repeated complaints about inherited biohazards —
urine, blood, fecal matter — in cells reassigned without
institutional cleaning.
Adequate bedding
Bedding issued by Canadian institutions is frequently inadequate
— single thin blankets, worn mattresses, and in some
segregation and short-term-hold contexts no bedding is issued at all.
Rule 21 requires a separate bed and sufficient
bedding; detention audits confirm non-compliance is normal, not
exceptional.
Inadequate clothing
Detainees are routinely issued only shorts and sweaters, regardless
of climate, season, or institutional temperature. Winter transfers
and outdoor yard time in shorts are documented across provincial
remand and federal institutions. Rule 19 requires
clothing suitable to the climate, adequate to keep the prisoner in
good health; Canada does not meet this standard.
Gender disparity
Women in Canadian federal and provincial custody experience every
gap above at higher rates, and additionally face inadequate menstrual
supplies, inadequate maternity accommodation, and disproportionate
use of segregation. The Office of the Correctional Investigator's
2017 and 2020 reports and the Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry
Societies (CAEFS) have documented these findings repeatedly. Women
represent roughly 6% of the federal population but account for a
disproportionate share of self-harm incidents and segregation hours.
Indigenous women face all of the above with further compounded
disparity. Rules 5–11 require equivalent
treatment; Canada does not deliver it.
Every condition above is publicly documented. Primary sources for this
section are listed under Sources & Evidence below.
LIRIL fact-check: cross-referenced against OCI Annual Reports 2015–2024,
CAEFS briefs, CHRC submissions, and the 2018 UN Committee Against
Torture Concluding Observations on Canada (CAT/C/CAN/CO/7).
09
Sources & Evidence
Treaties & International Instruments
Third Geneva Convention (1949) — International Committee of the Red Cross.
Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Canada ratified 14 May 1965.
UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Mandela Rules) —
UN General Assembly Resolution 70/175, adopted 17 December 2015. Canada voted in favour.
UN Convention Against Torture — Ratified by Canada 24 June 1987. Art. 16
extends to "cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment" not amounting to torture.
Canadian Law
Corrections and Conditional Release Act (S.C. 1992, c. 20) — governs federal
custody; Part III establishes the Office of the Correctional Investigator.
Canada Health Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-6), s.2 "insured person" definition —
excludes persons in federal custody from medicare coverage.
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, ss. 7, 12, 15 — rights applied by
Canadian courts when striking down administrative segregation.
Court Judgments
BCCLA v Canada (AG), 2018 BCSC 62 — Administrative segregation struck down as
unconstitutional (ss. 7, 15 Charter).
CCLA v Canada, 2019 ONCA 243 — Solitary over 15 days ruled cruel and unusual
punishment under s. 12 Charter.
Ashley Smith Inquest — Coroner's Verdict, 19 December 2013 — In-custody death
ruled homicide.
Independent Oversight Reports
Office of the Correctional Investigator — Annual Reports 2018–19 through 2023–24 —
Food, health care, Indigenous over-incarceration, use-of-force, Structured Intervention Unit
failures.
Auditor General of Canada — 2022 Reports, "Systemic Barriers — CSC" —
Custody Rating Scale over-classifies Indigenous and Black inmates.
UN Committee Against Torture — Concluding Observations on Canada (2018, CAT/C/CAN/CO/7) —
Raised concerns about segregation practices, Indigenous over-incarceration, inmate health care.
Section 8 — CFNIS, NDA, Rome Statute, & Capital Punishment Abolition
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998) —
Canada ratified 7 July 2000. Art. 7 (crimes against humanity), Art. 8 (war crimes,
including 8(2)(a) grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions), Art. 15 (Prosecutor
may initiate investigations proprio motu), Art. 17 (complementarity —
ICC jurisdiction where national judicial system is "unable or unwilling genuinely
to carry out the investigation or prosecution").
National Defence Act (R.S.C. 1985, c. N-5) — the governing statute
of the Canadian Armed Forces. Part III establishes the Code of Service Discipline
including s. 33 (oath of allegiance), s. 156 (summary apprehension powers of the
military police). Pre-1998: ss. 73 (aiding the enemy), 74 (offences in relation
to security), 75 (offences related to prisoners of war), 79 (mutiny with
violence) carried the death penalty.
Bill C-25 — An Act to amend the National Defence Act and other Acts in
consequence (1998) — Royal Assent 10 December 1998. Abolished capital
punishment under the Code of Service Discipline. The last enumerated capital
offences in Canadian law. No military death sentence has been carried out in
Canada since the Second World War.
Bill C-203 — An Act to posthumously pardon persons convicted of
desertion or cowardice during the First World War (2001) —
Parliament's posthumous pardon of twenty-five Canadian soldiers executed
under the pre-1998 NDA capital provisions.
Queen's Regulations and Orders for the Canadian Forces (QR&O) —
Chapter 106 (Military Police and Provost Marshal), Chapter 107 (Investigations
and Arrests). Binding regulatory authority over CFNIS documentation discipline.
Criminal Code of Canada (R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46) —
s. 264.1 (Uttering threats), s. 321 (Definition of "false document"),
s. 367 (Forgery, max 10 years indictable).
UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention — Special Procedures
of the Human Rights Council. Petition mechanism allowing individuals to file
even while domestic proceedings are ongoing. Produces public opinions on
state conduct.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (1969) — Canada
ratified 14 October 1970. Art. 26 (pacta sunt servanda) — every
treaty in force is binding upon the parties and must be performed by them
in good faith.